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Sustainability measurement
Sustainability measurement is the quantitative basis for the informed management of sustainability.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sustainability Accounting in UK Local Government )〕 The metrics used for the measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability of environmental, social and economic domains, both individually and in various combinations) are still evolving: they include indicators, benchmarks, audits, indexes and accounting, as well as assessment, appraisal〔Dalal-Clayton, Barry and Sadler, Barry 2009. ''Sustainability Appraisal. A Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience.'' London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-357-3.〕 and other reporting systems. They are applied over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.〔Hak, T. et al. 2007. ''Sustainability Indicators'', SCOPE 67. Island Press, London.〕〔Bell, Simon and Morse, Stephen 2008. ''Sustainability Indicators. Measuring the Immeasurable?'' 2nd edn. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-299-6.〕
Some of the best known and most widely used sustainability measures include corporate sustainability reporting, Triple Bottom Line accounting, and estimates of the quality of sustainability governance for individual countries using the Environmental Sustainability Index and Environmental Performance Index. An alternative approach, used by the United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme and explicitly critical of the triple-bottom-line approach is Circles of Sustainability.
==Sustainability indicators and their function==
The principal objective of sustainability indicators is to inform public policy-making as part of the process of sustainability governance.
Sustainability indicators can provide information on any aspect of the interplay between the environment and socio-economic activities.〔Hak, T., Moldan, B. & Dahl, A.L. 2007. SCOPE 67. ''Sustainability indicators''. Island Press, London.〕 Building strategic indicator sets generally deals with just a few simple questions: what is happening? (descriptive indicators), does it matter and are we reaching targets? (performance indicators), are we improving? (efficiency indicators), are measures working? (policy effectiveness indicators), and are we generally better off? (total welfare indicators). One popular general framework used by The European Environment Agency uses a slight modification of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DPSIR system.〔Stanners, D. et al. 2007. ''Frameworks for environmental assessment and indicators at the EEA.'' In: Hak, T., Moldan, B. & Dahl, A.L. 2007. SCOPE 67. ''Sustainability indicators''. Island Press, London.〕 This breaks up environmental impact into five stages. Social and economic developments (consumption and production) ''(D)rive'' or initiate environmental ''(P)ressures'' which, in turn, produces a change in the ''(S)tate'' of the environment which leads to ''(I)mpacts'' of various kinds. Societal ''(R)esponses'' (policy guided by sustainability indicators) can be introduced at any stage of this sequence of events.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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